2. TOURISTIC ZONE
The Black Sea Coast
The resorts on the Romanian Black Sea Coast are the Romanians’ favorite domestic tourist destination. The Romanian Black Sea coast is over 245 km long, but, taking into account that the Danube Delta Biosphere reserve covers the northern part, only the southern part of the Black sea coast is used for tourist purposes - to be more precise, the segment between Navodari and Vama Veche. The coast stretching between these two localities boasts beaches with fine sand. To this we can add the sea, boasting low salinity, offering tourists everything needed for a relaxing holiday. The seaside resorts on the Romanian Black sea coast are Navodari, Mamaia, Eforie Nord, Eforie Sud, Techirghiol, Costinesti, Olimp, Neptun, Jupiter, Cap Aurora, Venus, Saturn, Mangalia and tourist locations like 2 Mai and Vama Veche.
Mamaia has maintained its top position among Romania’s seaside resorts. It can be considered the gem of the Romanian Riviera at the moment. Mamaia has the largest number of leisure opportunities on offer. We have an water-park here, a telegondola, we have double-deckers that will be driving up and down the seafront, and there is the Seaside Tour, including the the Constantsa City Tour and the Mamaia City Tour. Then there is the Casino area in Mamaia.
What’s on offer at the Romanian seaside this summer is complemented by the spa treatment facilities. Located 14 kilometers north of Constantsa, Eforie Nord has recently grabbed the attention of Romanian and foreign tourists. The accommodation on offer has been improved as a host of new hotels and guesthouses have been built, and existing accommodation facilities were modernized. Spa clinics in Eforie Nord use the mud with therapeutic qualities, from the nearby Techirghiol Lake. Saturn is another resort that in recent years has developed rapidly, thanks to huge investments made in the resort’s hotel and leisure facilities. Hotels on the seashore were refurbished and modernized, and there’s also an aqua park. Each modernized, 3-star hotel has its own spa facility, giving tourists the opportunity to mix holidays with spa treatment.
The Romanian seaside also offers diving. The top spots for diving are located in the southern part of the coast, where rocks and stone slabs replace the sandy sea bed. Here divers can discover an ecosystem rich in algae, crabs and fish, but also shipwrecks. Parachute gliding and pleasure flights on board the light planes or helicopters complete the activities on offer; tourists can even enjoy a bird’s eye view of Romania’s fascinating Danube Delta. Each resort has its own aqua park, garden restaurants with traditional food, clubs, discos, and sports courts, offering the opportunity to enjoy a memorable holiday on the Romanian Black Sea Coast.
The Danube Delta
The Danube Delta – a natural paradise, covering the area where river the Danube flows into the Black Sea.Here the river ends its 2,860 km long journey from its source in the Black Forest Mountains in Germany. For centuries, this area of the Delta expanded due to the sediment carried and deposited by the river; a maze of canals, lakes and reed-covered islands formed; in addition, here we find dense forests, pastures and sand dunes, which cover an area of about 5,640 sq. km.
The Danube Delta was declared a Biosphere Reserve in August 1990. Some parts of it have always had the status of reservations. Letea, for instance, a unique forest with creeping plants, as well as strangely-shaped oaks, growing in sandy soil, was declared a nature reserve in 1938. Also, in 1972, the Rosca Buhaiova area was turned into a reserve because of the large colonies of pelicans that would spend the summer there.
The Danube Delta Biosphere reserve, a major location protected by UNESCO, includes the Razim Sinoe lagoon system, and has a surface of 580 thousand hectares. The Danube Delta boasts the world’s largest compact reed area, stretching over 1,560 square kilometers. There you can find 331 bird species, 9 of them being rare protected species. In the Delta we find the largest European population of common pelicans, some numbering 8000, and we also find 60% of the world population of pygmy cormorant, and half the world’s population of red breasted goose. Great rarities are also the white tailed eagle, and the saker falcon. This wildlife sanctuary covers the three main branches of the Danube: Chilia, Sulina, and Sfîntu Gheorghe.
Guest houses have emerged in the Delta even in individual households. There are also floating hotels, some of them being three and four star hotels. There are also holiday villages, at Rosu and Gura Portitei, and a few hotels.
The starting point for any adventure into the Danube Delta is usually Tulcea, a city almost as old as Rome, located nearby the place where the Danube splits into three arms. You can find modern hotels and the Delta’s natural science museums in Tulcea. The city is located 71 km (45 miles) from Sulina, a settlement as old as Tulcea, located at the opposite end of Sulina arm. Cruises can be made between these two points, allowing tourists to admire the Delta’s flora, fauna and villages from the comfort of the ship’s deck.
Tulcea, county seat of the area of the same name, is the town at the gates of the Delta, and the starting point of any journey in the area. Tulcea county boasts 9 museums, which, together with ecological and museum research institute, make up the most important cultural institution in this part of the country. Tourists can become acquainted here with art, ethnography, history, or archaeology.
The Prahova Valley
This is the most developed mountain area in Romania, with resorts having ski slopes with all degrees of difficulty, from slopes for beginners to competition ones.
Sinaia is the Romanian mountain resort on the Prahova valley which offers the best high-altitude ski conditions at 2,000 meters. The offer is varied and suitable for all categories of skiers and snowboarders, totaling 10.5 km of slopes. Sinaia has got eight ski slopes of various difficulty levels. Beginners
can enjoy a day in the Dorului Valley, the slope on the Sun Valley which is an easy to medium-difficulty slope. Advanced ski and snowboard lovers can use the slopes on the right and left side of the ski lift on the Dorului Valley, which are medium-difficulty slopes. The Scandurar slope is another slope of average difficulty degree they can use. All these slopes are located in the western part of the Bucegi massif, at an altitude of 1800 -2000 meters.
On sunny days, Valea Dorului is the ideal place to enjoy both the snow and the sun.
In Valea Dorului, there are chalets where you can chose to relax between ski rounds, or you can even go sunbathing. The eastern side of the Bucegi Massif nearby Sinaia offers the most difficult and spectacular ski slopes in Prahova Valley. The Prahova Valley was first documented as a tourist region in the second half of the 19th century, when the Peles Castle was built in Sinaia, and King Carol I used it as a summer residence. Ever since, there has been a growing interest in the mountain towns, which have gradually developed into mountain resorts.
The Peles Castle it used to be the summer residence of the Romanian kings, and was commissioned by King Carol I of Romania (1866-1914). Peles has also a theatre hall, with a small stage and 60 seats, plus the Royal box. The castle’s facilities were state-of-the-art in the age it was built in. For instance the glass ceiling in the lobby is mobile, and can be operated through an electric engine, and as early as in 1883, the castle had central heating.
Busteni is the next resort after Sinaia, lying between the Bucegi and Baiul Mountains, about 135 kilometers from Bucharest. The Kalinderu ski slope is located at the foot of the Caraiman massif, and is steeped into exceptionally beautiful scenery. It is 1,300 meters long and located at 300 meters high. It has a very modern ski lift. Kalinderu is the ideal place for those who may want to polish their skiing or snowboarding skills. Also, Kalinderu has an artificial snow installation.
Predeal, another famous resort, has 5 ski slopes, running about 7.2 km. The slopes have a 4-seat cable car and a ski lift, which were bought in 2008. The Clabucet slope arrival area is also a ski school and is provided with a baby lift. The area has artificial snow and a lighting system, due to which, the two ski lifts are always lit. The slope’s arrival area was designed to be a snowboard winter park.
The Apuseni Mountains
The Apuseni Mountains boast the greatest number of caves in Romania, more than 400. Some are open to tourists who can choose to visit them by themselves or go on a guided tour. Other caves are destined for scientific research. There are the most extraordinary tourist cave in Romania and maybe one of the most special: the Bears Cave, also the Scarisoara glacier. Romania has many spectacular caves in terms of formations and landscapes such as Piatra Altarului, Micula, Farcu and Fagului.
These caves, even if they are not accessible to the public at large, are open to researchers and photographers. Vantului Cave measures 50 kms and it is the longest cave across Romania and one of the largest in the world. The cave with the most numerous ramifications is called Hodobana, the longest underground water courses in Europe can be found in the Ciur-Ponor Cave while the deepest cave of Romania can be found on the Varasoaia plateau.
These natural attractions are the real gems of the Apuseni Mountains and trekking lovers should take an extraordinary route which links the Aries Valley to the Vartop Pass and goes down the Craiasa Valley towards the Bears Cave, which was discovered in 1975. The cave is well known not only because of its size but also to the Karst formations inside it and its great value.
In this cave you will see relics of the cave bear, which disappeared 15 thousand years ago, and of the cave lion; these relics are currently being analyzed by Romanian and European institutions as part of a very comprehensive program.
The Apuseni Mountains are recommended for the many forms of tourism that can be practiced there: first recommend is riding, since the area is perfect for horse riding, then tourists can trek first one recommended the various mountains routes and visit the areas’ caves, Karst plateaus, gorges and canyons. Tourists can also choose from among several cultural programmes focusing on some special ethnographic zones aimed at identifying the unique elements of the Apuseni Mountains. The woodworks made by the people of the Moti Land, the egg painting, are unique in the Transylvanian area, mainly in the Rosia Rametea region, and the wooden churches which are as beautiful as those in Maramures, in northern Romania. Winter programmes includes ski-trekking, dog-sleigh rides (which is quite a new element in the Apuseni mountains, an area very propitious for this type of entertainment). Those interested in the region’s flora and fauna can find there many protected natural sites and make observations of the natural habitat of the mountain eagle, one of Romania’s most beautiful majestic birds, which lives in the Trascau and Padurea Craiului Mountains. Professional guides can help tourists identify several species of carnivorous plants living in high altitude swamps.
The Moti Land is a geographic area, with human settlements spreading on both sides of the Aries Valley. There we find communities of populations who cherish century old traditions, which they have preserved almost unaltered. Along the centuries, people living in this part of the world have learned how to survive in this harsh climate in which winter often lasts 7 months per year. Considered to be founders of the wood and mining civilization, the Moti are different from other people living in the mountains. They are the only permanent communities of people in Romania and maybe in the Carpathians living at altitudes of more than 13 hundred meters, with their own specific lifestyle, which can still be observed in certain remote locations, far from the hustle and bustle of city life.
The lifestyle of the inhabitants of the Apuseni Mountains is in strong relation with the seasons. For example, it is common knowledge here there are certain periods for wood cutting and carving. People in the region know that in order to build a house or a durable church, logs should be cut at a certain time of the year. There are wooden houses built 200 years ago and they are still in good condition, carved according to a very wise technique. Picturesque villages and hamlets spread throughout the area, dramatic scenery with steep slopes, high peaks and the best preserved hay pastures in Europe, add to the beauty of this region which is also renowned for its floral biodiversity. For instance we have here a plant called Arnica Montana which is used on a wide scale in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and the Apuseni Mountains boast the best-preserved population of this plant in Europe.
Maramures
Located in northern Romania, Maramures is a very attractive region for tourists thanks to the beauty of its landscape, the richness of its folk traditions and the hospitality of its people. Maramures has lots of forests and boasts incredible hiking and hunting opportunities. For hundreds of years, forests provided the people of Maramures with the raw material for the emergence and development of a “wood civilization.” Proof of this can be seen in the wooden churches and imposing wooden gates found in the area, genuine works of traditional art. In winter, households in Maramures resemble genuine weaving mills. Everything is made at home, from folk costumes, which people still wear when they go to church on Sunday, to carpets and the famous rugs with their red and white stripes.
Maramures is best known to foreign tourists for its merry cemetery in Sapanta. Visitors should know, however, that Sapanta also boasts a monastery called Peri, which is said to house the tallest wooden church in Europe with its 72 meter high steeple. The Barsana Monastery is another popular attraction, though it’s worth remembering that there are almost 100 wooden churches in Maramures built by skilful craftspeople.
One of the most exciting tourist routes in Maremures is Baia Mare-Sighetul Marmatiei. On this journey, you will pass by richly decorated wooden gates and churches with tall steeples, all of which are the work of folk artists. On Valea Marei, for example, stepping into a peasant house feels like stepping into a folk art museum. A typical house in the area is made up of the so-called “big room”, a kind of living room whose walls are adorned with woven rugs, ceramic decorative objects and lots of household objects skillfully carved in wood. If you’re in the area, make sure you visit the village of Mara, which actually resembles an outdoor museum.
No longer be found in Europe, roadside crosses grouped in threes are still very much present in Maramures. The area is also known for its breathtaking beauty and its 33 protected sites, including the natural parks in Maramures and Rodnei Mountains and the Pietrosul Rodnei Peak has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.
Another must-see is Borsa, which is very close to Pietrosul Rodnei. Located in Maramures’ historical south, 81 km off Sighetul Marmatiei, the Borsa resort is very popular with winter sports lovers. Also, Borsa is a gateway to the natural park in the Rodnei Mountains, which covers 47,000 hectares. The Pietrosul Rodnei nature reserve was created in 1932 in order to protect the many species of flowers and animals living here, some of which are very rare. Apart from the brown bear, the lynx, the Carpathian deer, and the marmot, the black chamois was re-introduced back into the area in 1962. But that’s not all that Maramures has to offer. As a result of its geological make-up, Maramures has over 100 mineral springs. Tourists can enjoy the spas of Ocna Sugatag and Cosciui, which offer treatment for a wide range of conditions.
The local cuisine is another key element that attracts tourists. From that point of view, Maramures relies a great deal on its traditional dishes. There’s a saying in Maramures that goes: ‘a hungry man is an unhappy man’ – and this seems to be the motto of every guest house in the region.
BANAT
Banat is a historical province, covering the counties of Caras Severin, Timis and part of Arad, in the south west of the country.
The largest city in this area is Timisoara, with a population of 330 thousand inhabitants. The city was first documented in 1211, and in the XV th century it was consolidated with defense walls. Until 1716, due to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, Timisoara was a Turkish pashalik that is a domain of the pasha. During the following two centuries, Timisoara and Banat were part of the Austrian empire. That was the period when the city was rebuilt and the Bega River, which crosses the city, was drained and rendered navigable. It was also the period when many buildings were erected, which are today on the list of historic monuments. Timisoara was one of the first cities in the world to introduce horse driven trams in 1869 and electricity in 1884. One of Timisoara’s numerous tourist attractions is the Metropolitan Cathedral, situated near the banks of the Bega River. The Opera House is also a particularly beautiful attraction. Crossing the Liberty Square one can reach Union Square, which boasts lots of historical buildings, as well as outdoor restaurants, very popular during summertime. There are over 80 hotels and guest houses in Timisora, ranging from 2 to 4 stars. As for food, there are many restaurants in Timisoara, offering both traditional cuisine from Banat as well as Chineese, Greek and Italian cuisine.
Timisoara is not the only attraction to be found in Banat.
Another objective is Baile Herculane, which is two thousand years old. The resort is situated in one the most picturesque natural parks in Romania, the Domogled-Valea Cernei Park, which is home to several protected, unique species of flora and fauna, such as the horn-nosed viper and the scorpion. The Baile Herculane spa is also a resort full of historic monuments. It is the place where the first curving bridge in Europe was built, over the Cerna River. Baile Herculane used to be an imperial resort. During the period when the region was part of the Austrian Hungarian Empire, Emperor Franz Josef and Empress Sissi would spend time at the imperial spa or the casino.
The Baile Herculane spa deserves an entire program to itself, just like the other resorts of Moneasa and Buzias.
There is one more area in the county of Caras Severin worth mentioning, the area of Anina. The 30 km stretch linking Anina to Oravita is the most beautiful railway in Romania. It bears the Austrian name of Semmering, since the first settlers in Anina travelled from Austria. This short stretch has 20 viaducts, about 14 tunnels, and is a magnificent route that tourists can enjoy. One of the deepest mines in Europe lies in Anina and runs for some 1,200 m. The authorities would like to open a mining museum here.
The Danube flows into Romania near Bazias, an area which boasts a Mediterranean climate. The fig orchards dotted throughout the area are a rare sight in our country. The mountains almost meet the banks of the Danube, creating a stunning landscape. The ruins of the Bazias train station can still be seen in Bazias - the oldest railway track in Romania used to run from Oravita to Bazias.
The Banat area is also home to many impressive museums. The steam engine museum in Resita is worth a visit. The open-air museum displays 16 locally made steam engines, the oldest of which dates back to 1872.
Bucovina
The beautiful region of Bucovina is situating in north-eastern Romania. The whole of Bucovina is beautiful, and there is not just one place worth visiting. However, tourists could start with a visit to the famous monasteries, seven of which are UNESCO monuments, and end with a trip into the mountain area, which is the perfect place for mountain tracking, climbing, biking, horseback riding and river rafting.
Because there are so many things to do in Buciovina, we’d better start with the beginning. If we should organise a one week package, that would include all types of tourist activities available in Suceava county. Tourists could start by visiting the cultural sites here, such as the Princely Court, the Museum of the Bucovina village, the Bucovina History Museum, the Ethnography Museum, hosted by the oldest house in Suceava, and the Natural Science Museum. I also recommend two monasteries: Saint John, well known for the pilgrimages that take place there, and Saint George, where the rulers of Moldavia used to be enthroned.
The Saint John Monastery in Suceava was erected in the year 1514. Thousands of believers from all across Moldavia and from other parts of the country come here every year to pray to the holy relics of Saint John the New, which they say perform miracles. The Saint George church, also known as the ‘Old metropolitan bishopric of Moldavia” is the oldest place of worship in Suceava. The first building block of this architectural jewel, which Bucovina is so proud of, was laid in 1375. This is also the place where the rulers of Moldavia were blessed until 1522.
After that we can have a tour of the monasteries, with accommodation provided by local guest houses. There are many good guest houses there, so tourists don’t have to come back to Suceava after each visit. The infrastructure is quite well organised, including over 400 sites with over 12 hundred beds. Therefore, tourists can find accommodation at Voronet, Humor, Sucevita, and Putna.
If you have already visited these monasteries, which are quite famous and form part of any regular tourist circuit, we recommend another two, which are less known but extremely interesting. The Dragomirna Monastery was built between 1608 and 1609 as if to challenge the heights, in search for more light. It stands by a curtain of fir trees and its outlines are mirrored by the nearby lake. In the old times it was used as residence for Moldavia’s bishops. The other monastery is Probota, erected between 1530 and 1550, which boasts the most beautiful paintings in Romania.
The tour of Bucovina could continue with a trip to the mountains, which boasts an extraordinary potential. Worth visiting are the resorts of Vatra Dornei and the Rarau, Giumalau and Calimani peaks. The area includes a wide range of tourist tracks, for both experienced mountaineers and families who just want to stroll through the woods. In the resort of Vatra Dornei it’s recommend a one day trip through the Calimani mountains. Also, there is a route especially for horseback riders, going up to the “12 Apostle” lime formation, and then down to the foot of the mountain.
The “12 Apostles” megalithic compound is part of the Caliman National Park, which stretches across 24 thousand hectares. Each mountain trip in this area is a unique story, because the beauties here can be interpreted in a multitude of ways. Proofs of that also stand the many legends told by the locals.
We can spend one more day in Vatra Dornei to raft on the Bistrita River, somewhere near the Bistrita Gorges, in the Zugreni area. Down there rafting is accessible to anybody, both experienced rafters and normal families. We also can pay a visit to Ciocanesti. Also down the Bristrita River tourists would get to the National Museum of Painted Eggs, hosted by a beautiful tourist village. Adding to all these is the spectacular local cuisine, another thing that has made Bucovina famous.
Besides being very rich, the Bucovina cuisine is very healthy. The products are taken straight from people’s households. Neither too salty, nor too spicy, accommodating each and every taste, the meals prepared here are special, and the recipes have been preserved and cherished by the local women for centuries. Nobody else knows how to prepare them properly, because the secret ingredients have been passed down from one generation to another, and no matter how hard you try, they will not be revealed to you. We were told that even if we knew the secrets and the whole recipes, the food would still not taste the same as it does in Bucovina, maybe because the fresh air, the blessed land and people’s souls render this region unique.
Here you can become acquainted with the Romanian village, but you can also have fun and rest in an active way. Romanian traditional food, prepared by your hosts, the polenta, the minced meat cabbage rolls, the dairy products, the ecological fruit, all these served with specific drinks will surely provide you with the energy you need. A holiday spent at a countryside guesthouse can give you an insight into a series of traditional and cultural activities: pottery making, loom weaving, performances given on various occasions such as fairs, traditional music festivals or round dances. Folk performances are in full swing during the traditional celebrations of Ester, Christmas or the New Year, when the Romanian village is feasting. Carriage rides during summer, or sledge rides in the winter, camp fires and Romanian traditional evenings with folk music will bring vacationers joy and relaxation and a well deserved break from the daily chores.
On the last day of such a tour of Bucovina you should definitely pay a visit to the many workshops in the area, where weavers, carvers, potters and egg painters create real masterpieces of traditional art.
3. SAXON FORTIFIED CHURCHES
Included on the UNESCO list are eight churches and monasteries from Bukovina, eight wooden churches from Maramures, five Dacian fortresses from the Orastie Mountains, the Hurezi Monastery in Oltenia, the medieval fortress in Sighisoara, southern Transylvania, the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, as well as the Saxon fortified villages and churches from Transylvania. Out of the more than one hundred Saxon settlements in Transylvania, seven are included on the UNESCO heritage list: Biertan, Calnic, Darju, Prejmer, Saschiz, Valea Viilor and Viscri, all of them being located in southern Transylvania.
Saxon villages in Transylvania are typical of the early centuries of the second millennium. Settlers who came in large numbers from Germany’s Saxon region erected these settlements in the border area. As they had to cope with the Turkish and Tartar invasions or wars, the settlement’s central area, which also included the church, was fortified with defense walls. There were many ways in which the Saxon churches were fortified, so we cannot speak about a common architectural style, but about a style that was characteristic of each of the local communities in the region. That is why Transylvania’s Saxon sites today are architectural monuments, unique in Europe for their manifold purpose:civilian, religious and military.
Prejmer town, located quite close to Brasov; the town boasts a Saxon fortified church.
This fortified church in Prejmer dates back to the 13th century. What’s special about it is that it is made up of no less than 272 rooms, the equivalent of the number of families living in Prejmer at that time. Prejmer also boasts a famous organ, just as famous as those of the Saxon churches
Another Saxon fortified church which is highly recommended to visitors is that in Viscri. Situated on a hill which juts over a plateau, the church has two rows of walls and 4 defense towers, one of which is very tall and dates back to 1494. Viscri is an interesting combination of natural beauty and architecture, boasting an old church, Saxon type fortifications, with towers, bastions and other elements specific to local Saxon architecture. Viscri is mentioned in documents rather late, because it was not one of the famous citadels, inhabited by very rich people. It was mentioned in documents as late as 1400, under the name of Alba Eclezia. In 1500 it was included among the free communes of the seat of Rupea. It is worth mentioning that Viscri was a prosperous commune, with 51 households, 3 priests, a teacher and only 2 poor people, as the documents of the time show.
If you leave Brasov and Rupea behind and follow the route to the famous medieval citadel of Sighsoara you can make a stopover in Saschiz, another village which boasts a Saxon fortified church.
Saschiz church and the fortress tower have almost the same shape as the Hour Church Steeple in Sighisoara. The bastions are reminiscent of Gothic architecture; later on, they were reinforced according to the principle of a building where villagers could take refuge. If you come here, you can admire some of the traditions of painting with floral designs in Transylvania. you can see the famous dowry chests and wooden objects painted with floral motives.
The tourists that are visiting Transylvanian Fortified Saxon churches can also look for lots of other heritage assets of the Saxon civilization in Romania